Come migliorare l’apprendimento motorio: Effetti delle strategie di focalizzazione attentiva sulla performance negli adolescenti
Parole chiave:
Focalizzazione attentiva, Apprendimento motorio, Strategie di istruzione, Esiti cognitivi e prestativi, AdolescentiAbstract
L’efficacia delle strategie di istruzione nell’allenamento sportivo giovanile rappresenta un tema centrale nella psicologia dello sport, poiché le modalità di insegnamento possono influenzare sia i parametri cognitivi sia gli esiti prestazionali. Il presente studio indagato gli effetti di diverse strategie di focalizzazione attentiva (focus interno vs focus esterno) sugli esiti della prestazione neuromuscolare e sulla loro ritenzione a breve e medio termine in atleti adolescenti. Sono state utilizzate due strategie specifiche: una basata sul focus esterno, che orienta i processi cognitivi dei giovani atleti verso gli effetti visibili del movimento, e una basata sul focus interno, che concentra l’attenzione sui meccanismi biomeccanici sottesi al movimento manifesto. I protocolli di esercizio adottati si basano sulla metodologia di movimento Sincrony, garantendo un’esecuzione coordinata conforme ai principi del controllo motorio. Un campione di 196 adolescenti (15,25 ± 0,75 anni) è stato suddiviso in due gruppi, entrambi impegnati per otto settimane in esercizi fisici identici ma con istruzioni attenzionali differenti. Tutti i partecipanti, dopo un periodo di familiarizzazione, sono stati valutati prima e dopo l’intervento, nonché in un follow-up a quattro settimane dalla conclusione del protocollo. Le valutazioni sono state effettuate mediante test di salto su pedana di forza e tramite un test di forza massimale degli arti superiori con dinamometri elettronici. I risultati hanno evidenziato miglioramenti significativi nell’altezza di salto, nella potenza del salto e nella forza massimale (p < 0,001) in entrambi i gruppi. Tuttavia, il gruppo con focus interno ha mostrato una maggiore stabilità nel tempo, in particolare nella forza massimale, mentre il gruppo con focus esterno ha ottenuto miglioramenti più immediati nelle prestazioni esplosive, con un declino delle prestazioni nei test di salto al follow-up simile tra i due gruppi.
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