Los Gettatelli: Dimensiones educativas del cuidado institucionalizado de los recién nacidos abandonados en los hospitales de la Toscana renacentista
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7346/-fei-XXII-02-24_15Palabras clave:
Toscana del siglo XV, Expósitos y niños abandonados, Historia social de la educación, Ospedale Santa Maria della Scala, Iconografía de la infancia, Cuidado institucionalizado de la infancia en el RenacimientoResumen
Las preocupaciones metodológicas sobre el uso de fuentes visuales en la historia social de la educación invitan a una reevaluación de la afirmación de Ariès con respecto al sentimiento de la infancia en el tardo Medievo y la Primera Modernidad. El análisis de ilustraciones alemanas y francesas de finales del siglo XV revela que los recién nacidos eran cuidados con afecto, atendiendo tanto sus necesidades de salud como morales. Este estudio cuestiona el alcance de dicho sentimiento: ¿se limitaba al ámbito familiar o involucraba a la sociedad en su conjunto? Tras reformular la tesis de Ariès mediante fuentes visuales de ilustraciones francesas y alemanas de la Primera Modernidad, el artículo responde a esta pregunta examinando el cuidado organizado de los niños abandonados en la Toscana del siglo XV, una región que pionera en la institucionalización de niños entregados por sus familias. La naturaleza colectiva de este cuidado se explora a través de los cambios lingüísticos, la transición de la lactancia externalizada a la lactancia residencial y la lucha continua contra las malas condiciones sanitarias. Finalmente, el análisis visual de los frescos del hospital de Santa Maria della Scala en Siena revela ideas clave: (i) el cuidado de los niños abandonados integraba preocupaciones morales, espirituales y logísticas; (ii) se practicaban métodos educativos avanzados, incluida la alfabetización; y (iii) existía una división de trabajo por género y personal especializado que jugaba un papel crucial. Estos hallazgos sugieren que el cuidado institucionalizado de los niños funcionaba como un dispositif foucaultiano, influenciado por la urbanización y la necesidad de mantener registros, lo que desafía la afirmación de algunos intérpretes de Ariès de que la sociedad medieval era indiferente hacia la infancia.
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