Communication Skills and Soft Skills in Rehabilitation: A Research Project

Authors

Keywords:

Soft skills, Communication skills, Rehabilitation sciences students, Passport test, CSAS

Abstract

In recent years, increasing attention has been devoted to soft skills in the workplace, prompting academic institutions to design educational programs aimed at strengthening these competencies. Situated at the intersection of Higher Education Studies and Health Professions Education within the rehabilitation context, this study examines transversal and communication skills among future rehabilitation professionals enrolled in undergraduate (Bachelor’s Degree, EQF level 6) and graduate (Master’s Degree, EQF level 7) programs. Although these competencies are considered essential for professional practice, the literature addressing them in rehabilitation education remains limited. A total of 41 students completed an online questionnaire assessing soft skills and communication attitudes through the Passport Test and the Communication Skills Attitude Scale, alongside socio-demographic variables. The results revealed significant correlations among transversal skills, between transversal skills and communication attitudes, and with age and work experience. These findings highlight the importance of systematically assessing and fostering soft skills from the early stages of training in order to enhance care quality, promote interprofessional collaboration, and mitigate stress and burnout.

References

AlmaLaurea. (2023). Soft skills: Ricorda di valorizzarle. Retrieved July 13, 2026, from https://www.almalaurea.it/lavoro/consigli-di-carriera/soft-skills

Ardigò, A. (1997). Società e salute: Lineamenti di sociologia sanitaria. FrancoAngeli.

Burgener, A. M. (2017). Enhancing communication to improve patient safety and to increase patient satisfaction. The Health Care Manager, 36(3), 238–243. https://doi.org/10.1097/HCM.0000000000000165

Cacciatori, I., Grossi, C., D’Auria, C., Bruneri, A., & Casella, C. (2021). La capacità di resilienza come un fattore di protezione per il burnout tra gli operatori sanitari: Uno studio cross-sectional condotto sui neoassunti dell’ASST di Lodi. Giornale Italiano di Medicina del Lavoro ed Ergonomia, 43(2), 131–136. https://doi.org/10.4081/gimle.410

Caschera, A., & Savino, S. (2020). Educare alla salute: Manuale di pedagogia generale e sociale per le professioni sanitarie. SaMa.

Cimatti, B. (2016). Definition, development, assessment of soft skills and their role for the quality of organizations and enterprises. International Journal for Quality Research, 10(1), 97–130. https://doi.org/10.18421/IJQR10.01-05

Continisio, G. I., Serra, N., Guillari, A., Simeone, S., Lucchese, R., Gargiulo, G., Toscano, S., Capo, M., Capuano, A., Sarracino, F., Esposito, M. R., & Rea, T. (2021). Evaluation of soft skills among Italian healthcare rehabilitators: A cross sectional study. Journal of Public Health Research, 10, Article 2002. https://doi.org/10.4081/jphr.2021.2002

Cruess, R. L., Cruess, S. R., Boudreau, J. D., Snell, L., & Steinert, Y. (2014). Reframing medical education to support professional identity formation. Academic Medicine, 89(11), 1446–1451. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000000427

D’Amato, V., Mazzara, D., & Tosca, E. (2018). Soft skills per il management: Elementi essenziali per affrontare le nuove sfide. Guerini Next.

Duò, C., Campus, M. E., Favero, G., Forresu, C., Prati, G., Romano, G., Secci, E. M., Olivieri, V., Zanovello, G., & Zocca, M. (2017). Non technical skills per professionisti sanitari: Un’introduzione. Ebookecm.

Emanuel, F., Ricchiardi, P., & Ghislieri, C. (2022). PassportTest: Uno strumento per rilevare le soft skill. Pensa MultiMedia.

Emanuel, F., Ricchiardi, P., Sanseverino, D., & Ghislieri, C. (2021). Make soft skills stronger? An online enhancement platform for higher education. International Journal of Educational Research Open, 2, Article 100096. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedro.2021.100096

European Commission (2019). Key competences for lifelong learning. Publications Office of the European Union. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2766/569540

Ferrari, A., Terzoni, S., Ferrara, P., Provenzano, M., & Destrebecq, A. (2017). L’attitudine degli studenti di infermieristica a sviluppare adeguate abilità comunicative: Validazione in italiano della Communication Skills Attitude Scale (CSAS). L’infermiere, 2017(1). https://www.infermiereonline.org/2017/04/28/lattitudine-degli-studenti-di-infermieristica-a-sviluppare-adeguate-abilita-comunicative-validazione-in-italiano-della-communication-skills-attitude-scale-csas/

Giarelli, G., & Venneri, E. (2009). Sociologia della salute e della medicina: Manuale per le professioni mediche, sanitarie e sociali. FrancoAngeli.

Goleman, D. (2020). Intelligenza emotiva: Che cos’è e perché può renderci felici. BUR.

Harrison, R., Walton, M., Healy, J., Smith-Merry, J., & Hobbs, C. (2016). Patient complaints about hospital services: Applying a complaint taxonomy to analyse and respond to complaints. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 28(2), 240–245. https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzw003

Hernández-Xumet, J. E., García-Hernández, A. M., Fernández-González, J. P., & Marrero-González, C. M. (2023). Beyond scientific and technical training: Assessing the relevance of empathy and assertiveness in future physiotherapists; a cross-sectional study. Health Science Reports, 6(10), Article e1600. https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.1600

Immacolato, M., Baccetti, F., Baricci, E., Magnani, L., & Menconi, E. (2010). Comunicazione, informazione sanitaria e tutela del diritto alla salute. Notizie di Politeia, 26(97), 24–34.

Ingusci, E., De Carlo, E., Catalano, A., Signore, F., Siculella, L., & Pollice, F. (2023). Soft and life skills nelle professioni di salute e cura: Uno studio esplorativo su studenti e studentesse universitari/e. EPALE Journal, 13(1), 91–98. https://epale.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2023-12/EPALE_JOURNAL_N_13_1-2023.pdf

Jarvis-Selinger, S., Pratt, D. D., & Regehr, G. (2012). Competency is not enough: Integrating identity formation into the medical education discourse. Academic Medicine, 87(9), 1185–1190. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0b013e3182604968

Kechagias, K. (Ed.). (2011). Teaching and assessing soft skills. 1st Second Chance School of Thessaloniki (Neapolis). Editor.

Lamri, J., & Lubart, T. (2023). Reconciling hard skills and soft skills in a common framework: The generic skills component approach. Journal of Intelligence, 11(6), Article 107. https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence11060107

Lavanya, K. M., Somu, L. K., & Mishra, S. K. (2024). Effectiveness of scenario-based roleplay as a method of teaching soft skills for undergraduate medical students. International Journal of Applied and Basic Medical Research, 14(2), 78–84. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijabmr.ijabmr_431_23

Le Grottaglie, D. (2023). La comunicazione che cura: L’importanza delle parole in ambito sanitario. Bookness.

Lyu, W., & Liu, J. (2021). Soft skills, hard skills: What matters most? Evidence from job postings. Applied Energy, 300, Article 117307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117307

MIUR - Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca (2019). Linee guida dei percorsi per le competenze trasversali e per l’orientamento (Decreto ministeriale n. 774 del 4 settembre 2019). https://www.miur.gov.it/documents/20182/1306025/Linee+guida+PCTO+con+allegati.pdf

OECD. (2018). The future of education and skills: Education 2030. OECD Education Policy Perspectives, 98. No. 98. https://doi.org/10.1787/54ac7020-en

Pellerey, M. (2016). Orientamento come potenziamento della persona umana in vista della sua occupabilità: Il ruolo delle soft skills, o competenze professionali personali generali. Rassegna CNOS, 2016(1), 41–50. https://www.cnos-fap.it/sites/default/files/articoli_rassegna/pellerey_rassegna1-2016.pdf

Petrella, G. (2024). Management in sanità. Paesi.

Rainsbury, E., Hodges, D., Burchell, N., & Lay, M. (2002). Ranking workplace competencies: Student and graduate perceptions. Asia-Pacific Journal of Cooperative Education, 3(2), 8–18.

Rees, C., Sheard, C., & Davies, S. (2002). The development of a scale to measure medical students’ attitudes towards communication skills learning: The Communication Skills Attitude Scale (CSAS). Medical Education, 36, 141–147. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2923.2002.01072.x

Rezayati, Z. M. (2023). Usage of AI in healthcare professionals soft skills training. IUSS School for Advanced Studies. Master’s thesis. https://unitesi.unipv.it/handle/20.500.14239/28001

Righetti, P. L., & Vizziello, P. G. (2024). La comunicazione che cura: Dalla comunicazione difficile alla comunicazione come setting. Bette.

Rumiati, R. (2023). Soft skill: Cosa sono e perché sono importanti. Raffaello Cortina.

Secci, E. M., & Duò, C. (2018). Introduzione alla comunicazione strategica nelle professioni sanitarie. Ebookecm.

Seifert, T. L. (2004). Understanding student motivation. Educational Research, 46(2), 137–149. https://doi.org/10.1080/0013188042000222421

Shrivastava, S. R., Chong, S. V., & Bobhate, P. S. (2025). Facilitating effective communication through the adoption of SBAR tool in medical training. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 14, Article 249. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_1213_24

Ullrich, P., Wollbrück, D., Danker, H., & Singer, S. (2011). Evaluation of psycho-social training for speech therapists in oncology: Impact on general communication skills and empathy. A qualitative pilot study. Journal of Cancer Education, 26, 294–300.

Van Schalkwyk, S., Hafler, J., Brewer, J., Maley, M., Margolis, C., McNamee, K., Meyer, I., Peluso, M. J., Schmutz, A. M. S., Spak, J. M., & Davies, D. (2019). Transformative learning as a pedagogy for the health professions: A scoping review. Medical Education, 53(6), 547–558. https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.13804

Weiner, B. (1985). An attributional theory of achievement motivation and emotion. Psychological Review, 92(4), 548–573. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.92.4.548

World Health Organization. (1948). Constitution of the World Health Organization. Official Records of the World Health Organization, (2), 100. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/documents/publications/basic-documents-constitution-of-who.pdf

Abstract landscape illustration in warm ivory, coral, crimson and aubergine tones. Flowing ribbons, curved lines and networks of connected coloured dots move from dense, book-like vertical forms on the left towards a bright, open space on the right. At the centre, two translucent human silhouettes face one another, suggesting communication, care and collaboration; faint figures behind them evoke a wider professional or learning community. Layered pathways, soft arcs and subtle movement motifs suggest rehabilitation, development and progress. Paper textures, library-brown details, muted dusk blue and restrained amber highlights create a contemplative, scholarly atmosphere reminiscent of books, archival spaces and summer evening light.

Downloads

Published

2026-07-16

How to Cite

Ritacco, E., Andricciola, F., & Oliva, P. (2026). Communication Skills and Soft Skills in Rehabilitation: A Research Project. Formazione & Insegnamento, 24, 8643. Retrieved from https://ojs.pensamultimedia.it/index.php/siref/article/view/8643

Issue

Section

Articles

Categories