Effetti di differenti ambienti di apprendimento su alcuni indicatori di salute in giovani sportivi
Parole chiave:
approccio ecologico dinamico, capacità motorie, sport giovanile, ambiente di apprendimentoAbstract
Da alcuni anni l’approccio ecologico dinamico ha trovato sempre più spazio per promuovere l’acquisizione di abilità tecniche e competenze motorie trasversali soprattutto nello sport giovanile, ma risulta modesta l’analisi sullo sviluppo delle capacità motorie nei giovani sportivi. La ricerca si prefigge di descrivere gli effetti a breve termine dell’approccio ecologico dinamico su alcuni indicatori di salute in giovani praticanti sport. Il campione è rappresentato da 27 giovani calciatori che sono stati suddivisi random in gruppo di avviamento allo sport mediante approccio ecologico dinamico (GED) e gruppo di avviamento allo sport di tipo tradizionale (GC). Il confronto ha rivelato che il GED ha mostrato valori significativamente più alti (p < 0.001) nelle valutazioni di forza, velocità in linea e con cambi di senso. Nessuna differenza statisticamente significativa è stata osservata nella flessibilità. In conclusione, nella formazione motoria e sportiva si suggerisce di adottare l’approccio ecologico dinamico in quanto, attraverso la continua esplorazione dell’ambiente di apprendimento, sembra sollecitare le capacità motorie dei giovani praticanti in modo più efficace rispetto alla metodologia tradizionale.
Riferimenti bibliografici
Abate Daga, F., Panzolini, M., Allois, R., Baseggio, L., & Agostino, S. (2021). Age-Related Differences in Hamstring Flexibility in Prepubertal Soccer Players: An Exploratory Cross-Sectional Study. Frontiers in psychology, 12, 741756. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.741756
Abate Daga, F., Baseggio, L., Gollin, M., & Beratto, L. (2020). Game-based versus multilateral approach: effects of a 12-week program on motor skill acquisition and physical fitness development in soccer school children. The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness, 60(9), 1185–1193. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.20.10726-6
Altavilla, G., Aliberti, S., D’Isanto, T., & Raiola G. (2022). A comparison between ecological-dynamic and cognitive approach to improve accuracy in basketball shot. Studia Sportiva, 1, 6-12. https://doi.org/10.5817/StS2022-1-1
Andersen, E., Øvreås, S., Jørgensen, K. A., Borch-Jenssen, J., & Moser, T. (2020). Children’s physical activity level and sedentary behaviour in Norwegian early childhood education and care: effects of a staff-led cluster-randomised controlled trial. BMC public health, 20(1), 1651. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09725-y
Avanzino, L., Gueugneau, N., Bisio, A., Ruggeri, P., Papaxanthis, C. & Bove, M. (2015). Motor cortical plasticity induced by motor learning through mental practice. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 9, 105. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2015.0010
Bagherian, S., & Ghasempoor, K. (2022). A cross-sectional study of functional movement quality in school-aged children. BMC pediatrics, 22(1), 399. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-022-03410-2
Barba-Martín, R. A., Bores-García, D., Hortigüela-Alcalá, D., & González-Calvo, G. (2020). The Application of the Teaching Games for Understanding in Physical Education. Systematic Review of the Last Six Years. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(9): 3330. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093330
Bennie, A., Peralta L., Gibbons, S., Lubans, D., Rosenkranz, R. (2016). Physical education teachers’ perceptions about the effectiveness and acceptability of strategies used to increase relevance and choice for students in physical education classes, Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education, https://doi.org/10.1080/1359866X.2016.1207059
Bergmann, F., Gray, R., Wachsmuth, S., & Höner, O. (2021). Perceptual-Motor and Perceptual-Cognitive Skill Acquisition in Soccer: A Systematic Review on the Influence of Practice Design and Coaching Behavior. Frontiers in psychology, 12, 772201. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.772201
Biino, V., Pellegrini, B., Zoppirolli, C., Lanza, M., Gilli, F., Giuriato, M., & Schena, F. (2023). Gross motor coordination in relation to weight status: a longitudinal study in children and pre-adolescents. Frontiers in public health, 11, 1242712. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1242712
Birrento Aguiar, R. A., Giménez Egido, J. M., Palao Andrés, J. M., & Ortega-Toro, E. (2023). Influence of Rule Manipulation on Technical-Tactical Actions in Young Basketball Players: A Scoping Review. Children (Basel, Switzerland), 10(2), 323. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10020323
Buszard T. On Learning to Anticipate in Youth Sport. Sports Med. 2022;52(10), 2303-2314. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-022-01694
Bortoli, L. & Robazza, C. (2016). L’insegnamento delle abilità motorie. Sds Rivista di Cultura Sportiva Coni, 109, 24–34.
Brian, A., Getchell, N., True, L., De Meester, A., & Stodden, D. F. (2020). Reconceptualizing and Operationalizing Seefeldt’s Proficiency Barrier: Applications and Future Directions. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 50(11), 1889–1900. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01332-6
Buszard, T., Farrow, D., & Reid, M. (2020). Designing Junior Sport to Maximize Potential: The Knowns, Unknowns, and Paradoxes of Scaling Sport. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 2878. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02878
Cattuzzo, M. T., Dos Santos Henrique, R., Ré, A. H., de Oliveira, I. S., Melo, B. M., de Sousa Moura, M., de Araújo, R. C., & Stodden, D. (2016). Motor competence and health related physical fitness in youth: A systematic review. Journal of science and medicine in sport, 19(2), 123–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2014.12.004
Cejudo, A., Robles-Palazón, F. J., Ayala, F., De Ste Croix, M., Ortega-Toro, E., Santonja-Medina, F., & Sainz de Baranda, P. (2019). Age-related differences in flexibility in soccer players 8-19 years old. PeerJ, 7, e6236. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6236
Chow, J. Y., Meerhoff, L. A., Choo, C. Z. Y., Button, C., & Tan, B. S. (2023). The effect of nonlinear pedagogy on the acquisition of game skills in a territorial game. Frontiers in psychology, 14, 1077065. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1077065
Clemente, F. M., Praça, G. M., Aquino, R., Castillo, D., Raya-González, J., Rico-González, M., Afonso, J., Sarmento, H., Silva, A. F., Silva, R., & Ramirez-Campillo, R. (2023). Effects of pitch size on soccer players’ physiological, physical, technical, and tactical responses during small-sided games: a meta-analytical comparison. Biology of sport, 40(1), 111–147. https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2023.110748
Colella, D. (2019). Teaching and learning of motor competencies. Processes and Relations. Formazione & insegnamento, 17(3 Suppl.), 73–88. https://doi.org/10.7346/-feis-XVII-03-19_07
Colella, D., & Monacis, D. (2021). Assessing the Evolution of Physical Fitness in Children and Adolescents for Evidence-Based Teaching. Advances In Physical Education, 11, 183–194. https://doi.org/10.4236/ape.2021.112014
Colley, R. C., Clarke, J., Doyon, C. Y., Janssen, I., Lang, J. J., Timmons, B. W., &Tremblay, M. S. (2019). Trends in physical fitness among Canadian children and youth. Health Reports, 30(10), 3–13. https://doi.org/10.25318/82-003-x201901000001-eng
Davids K., Araújo D., Vilar L., Renshaw I., Pinder R. (2013). An ecological dynamics approach to skill acquisition: implications for development of talent in sport. Talent Dev. Excell., 5, 21–34.
De Miguel-Etayo, P., Gracia-Marco, L., Ortega, F. B., Intemann, T., Foraita, R., Lissner, L., Oja, L., Barba, G., Michels, N., Tornaritis, M., Molnár, D., Pitsiladis, Y., Ahrens, W., Moreno, L. A., & IDEFICS consortium (2014). Physical fitness reference standards in European children: the IDEFICS study. International journal of obesity (2005), 38 Suppl 2, S57–S66. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2014.136
Doncaster, G., Page, R., White, P., Svenson, R., & Twist, C. (2020). Analysis of Physical Demands During Youth Soccer Match-Play: Considerations of Sampling Method and Epoch Length. Research quarterly for exercise and sport, 91(2), 326–334. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2019.1669766
Dong, Y., Lau, P. W. C., Dong, B., Zou, Z., Yang, Y., Wen, B., Patton, G. C. (2019). Trends in physical fitness, growth, and nutritional status of Chinese children and adolescents: a retrospective analysis of 1·5 million students from six successive national surveys between 1985 and 2014. The Lancet. Child & Adolescent Health, 3(12), 871–880. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(19)30302-5
Dorsch, T. E., Smith, A. L., Blazo, J. A., Coakley, J., Côté, J., Wagstaff, C. R. D., Warner, S., & King, M. Q. (2022). Toward an Integrated Understanding of the Youth Sport System. Research quarterly for exercise and sport, 93(1), 105–119. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2020.1810847
Emirzeoğlu, M., & Ülger, Ö. (2021). The Acute Effects of Cognitive-Based Neuromuscular Training and Game-Based Training on the Dynamic Balance and Speed Performance of Healthy Young Soccer Players: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Games for health journal, 10(2), 121–129. https://doi.org/10.1089/g4h.2020.0051
Evaristo, S., Moreira, C., Lopes, L., Oliveira, A., Abreu, S., Agostinis-Sobrinho, C., Mota, J. (2019). Muscular fitness and cardiorespiratory fitness are associated with health-related quality of life: Results from labmed physical activity study. Journal of Exercise Science and Fitness, 17(2), 55-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesf.2019.01.002
Faigenbaum, A. D., MacDonald, J. P., Carvalho, C., & Rebullido, T. R. (2020). The pediatric inactivity triad: A triple jeopardy for modern day youth. ACSM’s Health & Fitness Journal, 24(4), 10-17.
Forrest, G., Webb, P. & Pearson, P. (2006). Teaching games for understanding; a model for pre service teachers. Paper presented at ICHPERSD International Conference for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, Sport and Dance, 1st Oceanic Congress Wellington, New Zealand, 14 October. 2006
González-Víllora, S., Sierra-Díaz, M. J., Pastor-Vicedo, J. C., & Contreras-Jordán, O. R. (2019). The Way to Increase the Motor and Sport Competence Among Children: The Contextualized Sport Alphabetization Model. Frontiers in physiology, 10, 569. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00569
Gouveia, É. R., Lizandra, J., Martinho, D. V., França, C., Ihle, A., Sarmento, H., Antunes, H., Correia, A. L., Lopes, H., & Marques, A. (2022). The Impact of Different Pedagogical Models on Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity in Physical Education Classes. Children (Basel, Switzerland), 9(12), 1790. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9121790
Hristovski, R., Davids, K., & Araújo, D. (2006). Affordance-controlled bifurcations of action patterns in martial arts. Nonlinear dynamics, psychology, and life sciences, 10(4), 409–444.
Hulteen, R. M., Smith, J. J., Morgan, P. J., Barnett, L. M., Hallal, P. C., Colyvas, K., & Lubans, D. R. (2017). Global participation in sport and leisure-time physical activities: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Preventive Medicine, 95, 14–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.11.027
Krolo, A., Gilic, B., Foretic, N., Pojskic, H., Hammami, R., Spasic, M., Uljevic, O., Versic, S., & Sekulic, D. (2020). Agility Testing in Youth Football (Soccer)Players; Evaluating Reliability, Validity, and Correlates of Newly Developed Testing Protocols. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(1), 294. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010294
Legerlotz K. (2018). The Effects of Resistance Training on Health of Children and Adolescents With Disabilities. American journal of lifestyle medicine, 14(4), 382–396. https://doi.org/10.1177/1559827618759640
Lex, H., Simon, M., Schwab, S. (2022). Insights into the application of soccer-specific actions in established and new game forms of youth soccer. Ger J Exerc Sport Res, 52, 168–172 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12662-021-00748-0
Lipton-Inga, M., Manzanarez, B., Vidmar, A. P., Garcia, S., Fink, C., Iverson, E., & Geffner, M. E. (2022). Kids N Fitness Junior: Outcomes of an Evidence-Based Adapted Weight Management Program for Children Ages Three-Seven Years. Childhood obesity (Print), 18(1), 56–66. https://doi.org/10.1089/chi.2021.0090
Makhlouf, I., Castagna, C., Manzi, V., Laurencelle, L., Behm, D. G., & Chaouachi, A. (2016). Effect of Sequencing Strength and Endurance Training in Young Male Soccer Players. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 30(3), 841–850. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001164
Mandroukas, A., Metaxas, T. I., Michailidis, Y., Christoulas, K., & Heller, J. (2021). Effects of soccer training in muscular strength: a comparative study in trained youth soccer players and untrained boys of the same biological age. The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness, 61(11), 1469–1477. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.20.11822-X
McKinlay, B. J., Wallace, P., Dotan, R., Long, D., Tokuno, C., Gabriel, D. A., & Falk, B. (2018). Effects of Plyometric and Resistance Training on Muscle Strength, Explosiveness, and Neuromuscular Function in Young Adolescent Soccer Players. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 32(11), 3039–3050. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002428
Memmert D., Baker J., Bertsch C. (2010). Play and practice in the development of sport-specific creativity in team ball sports. High Abil. Stud., 21, 3–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/13598139.2010.488083
Monacis, D., Graziano, G., & Colella, D. (2022). Motor Development in Children: Motor Abilities, BMI and Related Factors. What mediation effects?. Italian Journal of Educational Research, 28, 61–75. https://doi.org/10.7346/sird-012022-p61
Morgans, R., Bezuglov, E., Orme, P., Burns, K., Rhodes, D., Babraj, J., Di Michele, R., & Oliveira, R. F. S. (2022). The Physical Demands of Match-Play in Academy and Senior Soccer Players from the Scottish Premiership. Sports (Basel, Switzerland), 10(10), 150. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports10100150
Myer, G. D., Faigenbaum, A. D., Edwards, N. M., Clark, J. F., Best, T. M., & Sallis, R. E. (2015). Sixty minutes of what? A developing brain perspective for activating children with an integrative exercise approach. British journal of sports medicine, 49(23), 1510–1516. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-093661
Myer, G. D., Jayanthi, N., DiFiori, J. P., Faigenbaum, A. D., Kiefer, A. W., Logerstedt, D., & Micheli, L. J. (2016). Sports Specialization, Part II: Alternative Solutions to Early Sport Specialization in Youth Athletes. Sports health, 8(1), 65–73. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738115614811
Myers, B. A., Jenkins, W. L., Killian, C., & Rundquist, P. (2014). Normative data for hop tests in high school and collegiate basketball and soccer players. International journal of sports physical therapy, 9(5), 596–603.
Nybakken, T., & Falco, C. (2022). Activity Level and Nature of Practice and Play in Children’s Football. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(8), 4598. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084598
O’Brien, W., Khodaverdi, Z., Bolger, L., Tarantino, G., Philpott, C., & Neville, R. D. (2022). The Assessment of Functional Movement in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 52(1), 37–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01529-3
O’Connor, D., Larkin, P., & Williams, A. M. (2018). Observations of youth football training: how do coaches structure training sessions for player development? Journal of Sports Sciences, 36(1), 39–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2016.1277034
Olivieri, D. (2017). Mind-body, brain, education: A neuroscience perspective about physical education. Formazione & insegnamento, 14(1 Suppl.), 89–106. Retrieved April 5, 2024, from https://ojs.pensamultimedia.it/index.php/siref/article/view/1882
Pesce, C. (2002). Insegnamento prescrittivo o apprendimento euristico?, SdS Rivista di Cultura Sportiva, 55, 1–18.
Pesce, C., Masci, I., Marchetti, R., Vazou, S., Sääkslahti, A., & Tomporowski, P. D. (2016). Deliberate Play and Preparation Jointly Benefit Motor and Cognitive Development: Mediated and Moderated Effects. Frontiers in psychology, 7, 349. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00349
Pinoniemi, B. K., Tomkinson, G. R., Walch, T. J., Roemmich, J. N., & Fitzgerald, J. S. (2021). Temporal Trends in the Standing Broad Jump Performance of United States Children and Adolescents. Research quarterly for exercise and sport, 92(1), 71–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2019.1710446
Pizarro, D., Práxedes, A., Travassos, B., & Moreno, A. (2020). Development of Defensive Actions in Small-Sided and Conditioned Games With Offensive Purposes in Futsal. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 591572. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.591572
Praca, GM., Moreira, PED., Rochael, M., Gustavo Barbosa1 and Bruno Travassos (2022). Designing facilitated task constraints for different age groups in soccer: The impact of floaters’ rules. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 17(1), 46–53 https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541211017448
Ribas, J. P., Hernández-Moreno, J., Díaz-Díaz, R., Borges-Hernández, P. J., Ruiz-Omeñaca, J. V., & Jaqueira, A. R. (2023). How to understand sports and traditional games and how to apply it to physical education. On the “Goal of Game”. Frontiers in sports and active living, 5, 1123340. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2023.1123340
Ribeiro, J., Davids, K., Araújo, D., Guilherme, J., Silva, P., & Garganta, J. (2019). Exploiting Bi-Directional Self-Organizing Tendencies in Team Sports: The Role of the Game Model and Tactical Principles of Play. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 2213. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02213
Richard, V., Cairney, J., & Woods, C. T. (2023). Holding open spaces to explore beyond: Toward a different conceptualization of specialization in high-performance sport. Frontiers in psychology, 14, 1089264. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1089264
Richard, V., Holder, D., & Cairney, J. (2021). Creativity in Motion: Examining the Creative Potential System and Enriched Movement Activities as a Way to Ignite It. Frontiers in psychology, 12, 690710. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.690710
Roberts, S. J., Rudd, J. R., & Reeves, M. J. (2020). Efficacy of using non-linear pedagogy to support attacking players’ individual learning objectives in elite-youth football: A randomised cross-over trial. Journal of sports sciences, 38(11-12), 1454–1464. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2019.1609894
Robinson, K., Riley, N., Owen, K., Drew, R., Mavilidi, M. F., Hillman, C. H., Faigenbaum, A. D., Garcia-Hermoso, A., & Lubans, D. R. (2023). Effects of Resistance Training on Academic Outcomes in School-Aged Youth: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 53(11), 2095–2109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-023-01881-6
Roca, A., Williams, A. M., & Ford, P. R. (2012). Developmental activities and the acquisition of superior anticipation and decision making in soccer players. Journal of sports sciences, 30(15), 1643–1652. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.701761
Rudd, J. R., Pesce, C., Strafford, B. W., & Davids, K. (2020). Physical Literacy - A Journey of Individual Enrichment: An Ecological Dynamics Rationale for Enhancing Performance and Physical Activity in All. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 1904. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01904
Sannicandro, I. (2023). Ecological Dynamic Approach and Young Soccer Player Training: The Aim Is the Flexible Behavior. Advances in Physical Education, 13, 142-150. https://doi.org/10.4236/ape.2023.132013
Sannicandro, I. (2022). From Traditional Approach to Ecological Dynamics Approach with the Italian Young Soccer Players. Advances in Physical Education, 12, 201-216. https://doi.org/10.4236/ape.2022.123016
Sannicandro, I., Cofano, G., D’Onofrio, R., & Piccinno, A. (2023). Professional and Elite Young Soccer Players: Differences in Functional Movement ScreenTM Values. Physical Education and Sports: Studies and Research, 2(2), 116-125. https://doi.org/10.56003/pessr.v2i2.269
Sannicandro, I. ., Colella, D. ., & Limone, P. . (2020). Introduction to the sport activities and methodology of teaching motor skills through the Teaching Game for Understanding (TGfU). Formazione & insegnamento, 18(3), 135–150. https://doi.org/10.7346/-fei-XVIII-03-20_11
Sannicandro I, Raiola G. (2021). Commentary: Development of Defensive Actions in Small-Sided and Conditioned Games With Offensive Purposes in Futsal. Front Psychol, 12, 764995. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.764995
Strafford, B. W., van der Steen, P., Davids, K., & Stone, J. A. (2018). Parkour as a Donor Sport for Athletic Development in Youth Team Sports: Insights Through an Ecological Dynamics Lens. Sports medicine - open, 4(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-018-0132-5
Stricker, P. R., Faigenbaum, A. D., McCambridge, T. M., & COUNCIL ON SPORTS MEDICINE AND FITNESS (2020). Resistance Training for Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics, 145(6), e20201011. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-1011
Teune, B., Woods, C., Sweeting, A., Inness, M., & Robertson, S. (2022). Evaluating the influence of a constraint manipulation on technical, tactical and physical athlete behaviour. PloS one, 17(12), e0278644. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278644
Tonge, K. L., Jones, R. A., & Okely, A. D. (2021). The relationship between educators’ and children’s physical activity and sedentary behaviour in early childhood education and care. Journal of science and medicine in sport, 24(6), 580–584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2021.02.003
Vaquero-Cristóbal, R., Molina-Castillo, P., López-Miñarro, P. A., Albaladejo-Saura, M., & Esparza-Ros, F. (2020). Hamstring extensibility differences among elite adolescent and young dancers of different dance styles and non-dancers. PeerJ, 8, e9237. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9237
Woods CT, McKeown I, O’Sullivan M, Robertson S, Davids K. Theory to Practice: Performance Preparation Models in Contemporary High-Level Sport Guided by an Ecological Dynamics Framework. Sports Med Open. 2020;6(1), 36. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-020-00268-5
Zwolski, C., Quatman-Yates, C., & Paterno, M. V. (2017). Resistance Training in Youth: Laying the Foundation for Injury Prevention and Physical Literacy. Sports health, 9(5), 436–443. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738117704153
##submission.downloads##
Pubblicato
Come citare
Licenza
Copyright (c) 2024 Italo Sannicandro
TQuesto lavoro è fornito con la licenza Creative Commons Attribuzione 4.0 Internazionale.
Formazione & insegnamento è distribuita con la seguente licenza: Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
Per ulteriori dettagli, si rimanda alle Politiche di archiviazione e ai Termini di Copyright e Licenza.
